Terrorism through history
Terrorism, through history, has resurfaced again and again. Thus, we have always found during the historical course. He was given a major boost in the eighteenth and nineteenth century with the spread of ideologies because of the French Revolution. People against any revolutionary idea subsequently used terrorism after the Napoleonic wars. During the nineteenth century anarchist supporters conducted terrorist attacks against high officials or ordinary citizens. One notable victim was the Empress Elizabeth, wife of Franz Joseph I, murdered by an Italian anarchist in 1898. In the twentieth century, groups such as the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, the Croatian Ustashi, and the Irish Republican Army (IRA) carried out a often their terrorist activities beyond the borders of their countries. This terrorism at a time with the support of the state was the cause of death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which subsequently led to the First World War.
WARS AND ATTACKS THAT MARKED TO HUMANITY
INTRODUCTION
The problems of war and peace have been, from antiquity to the present, central themes of the philosophy of history, being in her antagonistic attitudes that exalt the value of a war and the value of peace.
Terrorism, through history, has resurfaced again and again. Thus, we have always found during the historical course. He was given a major boost in the eighteenth and nineteenth century with the spread of ideologies because of the French Revolution. People against any revolutionary idea subsequently used terrorism after the Napoleonic wars.
Several elements converged to facilitate and international terrorism obvious: technological advances, creating smaller but more powerful weapons of destruction; means for faster movement and communication available to the terrorists; broad global connections of the chosen victims and the publicity generated any terrorist attack. During the nineteenth century anarchist supporters conducted terrorist attacks against high officials or ordinary citizens.
One notable victim was the Empress Elizabeth, wife of Franz Joseph I, murdered by an Italian anarchist in 1898. In the twentieth century, groups such as the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, the Croatian Ustashi, and the Irish Republican Army (IRA) carried out a often their terrorist activities beyond the borders of their countries. This terrorism at a time with the support of the state was the cause of death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which subsequently led to the First World War.
WORLD WAR
At the beginning of the conflict, no one expected a war that would spread over four years. The naive soldiers going to the front even smiled and staffs had some plans based on the rapid defeat of the enemy. The situation was taking even more volatile by internal conflicts spanning many of the great powers. Russia was threatened by a social revolution, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was torn by strife between nationalities could no longer be controlled by the government; in the German state political confrontations paralyzed foreign policy.
Parliamentary governments, including Britain and France, had to cope with the demands of the workers and the middle class demanding more political and better living rights.
CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I
The immediate cause which led to the outbreak of the First World War was the assassination of Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo Serbia, on June 28, 1914.
The real factors that triggered the First World War were the intense nationalistic spirit that swept Europe during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, economic and political rivalry between nations and the process of militarization and dizzying arms race characterized the international community during the last third of the nineteenth century, from the creation of two opposing alliances systems.
Territorial rivalries and nationalism:
· Germany tries to delete the French culture in Alsace and Lorraine. The "League for the Defence of Alsace and Lorraine" is formed
· Chaos in the Balkans.
· Borders between Greece and Albania.
· The Germans assembled the Turkish army in the Straits. The Russians are very bad this.
Economic rivalries:
· Germany had great growth.
· Many countries buy German products.
· The reason for the growth is that they offer better credit than England which results in greater rivalry.
Psychological or political-diplomatic rivalries:
· Germany had in 1913 850 thousand men in arms.
· Austria 160,000 men.
· France increases military service.
· Russia two million soldiers, but poorly armed.
· England did not have a very large land army. They took advantage of native soldiers in the armies they colonized. But they had an impressive naval power.
· All armies pose many expenses to countries. Governments have to go deceiving his people, telling them that the war is about, you have to be prepared. They make a patriotic call.
BEGINNINGS
On August 3, 1914 it was a fact the First World War, the British Foreign Minister Edward Grey was outside his window of his office and saw on London twilight, then he uttered some words that have become famous: "across Europe are now off the lights: may be that we'll never see them lit ".
His prediction was fulfilled, then began the war meant the death of the old Europe, the end of the old days the final collapse of a worldview. This war, which would have put an end to wars, led to renewed fighting, to new wars. The conflict was sparked in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 when the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand fell victim to a Serbian terrorist. But of course, the causes of the war were deeper, consisted mainly in 3 antagonisms:
1. Between Germany and France, as a feud reactivated by the French defeat in 1871, and the loss of Alsace-Lorraine.
2. Between Germany and England, competition in the field of industry maruno colonial policy and rearmament.
3. Between Austria-Hungary and Russia for control of the Balkans.
The military conflict began as a clash located in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Serbia on July 28, 1914; was transformed into an armed confrontation at European level when the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war spread to Russia on August 1, 1914; Finally, it became a world war in which 32 nations participated. Twenty-eight of them, called allies or associates among which were Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States, powers fought against the coalition of so-called Central Powers, consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.
We can say then that the origin of the first world war must be sought in the existence of two antagonistic blocs: the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) and the Triple Entente (France, Britain and Russia), although immediate cause was the assassination in Sarajevo of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on June 28, 1914. Vienna, who regarded with suspicion the aggrandizement of Servia, was quick to blame the assassination and demanded satisfaction as preamble to the declaration of war 28 July. Russia, erected in champion Slavic countries against Austria, proclaimed general mobilization, while Germany, which had given assurances to her ally for full support in case of conflict with Russia, sent an ultimatum to this country, and another to France as a warning and later the declaration of war on both countries.
Meanwhile, England, who hesitated to engage with its allies reacted by requiring Germany to Belgium free passage for his troops.
The Schlieffen Plan
It was prepared by the Chief of Staff until 1905, Alfred von Schlieffen, raised invade neutral Belgium and Luxembourg to attack the undefended northern French border. Foch, however, managed to stop the German attack on the Marne in November 1914.
The Germans had himself next to France and then direct their blows against Russia. To surround the powerful French system of fortifications.
The plan provided that the right wing, which concentrated the bulk of the German forces, conduct a sweeping advance through Belgium, while the left wing, much less powerful, encourages the enemy to attack.
Passing the French on the offensive against the left wing, the device would function like a revolving door: the more pressured, so more violence would turn the right wing behind. However, the plan failed, fronts arrived to stabilize and trenches stretched from the Swiss border to the English Channel.
In February 1916, the German Falkenhayn unleashed a violent attack on Verdun, which caused real carnage in both armies and did not lead to any success for attackers.
EASTERN FRONT AND AMERICAN INTERVENTION
Meanwhile, at the other end of Europe was going solving the riddle. In spite of the loss of Galicia by the Austrian, German setback in Gummbinnen (August 1914) and the Russian advance from East Prussia, Hindenburg and his chief of staff, Erich Ludendorff (photo), managed to crush the forces of Tsar in Tannenberg (26-30 August). In 1917 Berlin resumed full submarine warfare, which would bring the US entry into the war (April 6, 1917). The Germans unleashed on March 21, 1918 a series of assaults that broke several times the Allied front in San Quentin, Aisne and Lys; but despite such brilliant results, there was depletion of German energy.
On October 3, Prince Max of Baden, Chancellor of the Reich, Wilson requested an immediate armistice. Austria capitulated 29 31 Turkey, while Germany would sign peace and defeat in Versailles (28 July 1919).
positional warfare
The confrontation between major industrial powers brought the war to a level of violence and horror never before contemplated.
The invention of new weapons, grenades, flamethrowers, tanks, gas ... increased the horror and massacres, but, nevertheless, on the Western Front led to a tactical draw. The armies dug along hundreds and hundreds of miles. Trench warfare became a martyr for millions of men for several years.
DEVELOPMENT
On June 28, 1914 the Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary and his wife were killed, on his visit to Bosnian capital Sarajevo by a Serbian student, Gavrilo Princip. The promoters of the attack had been nationalist Serbs. Austria-Hungary presents UN ultimatum to Servia could not be accepted. It exploded, the war in a week, "black week" from July 28 to August 4, all the major powers except Italy, were dragged into it. The First World War was characterized by mass killings that occurred, for an incident in the Balkans devastating global incencio emerged.
In western fronts were fixed in an inhuman trench warfare. The plains of Flanders were razed by a inintrerrumpido artillery and became a hell of mud, mines, barbed wire and gas curtains. Attack after attack was attempted on both sides, breaking the front of the enemy. Substantial loss of life occurred. Even before the First World War had appeared important weapons for example, the repeating rifle, machine guns, etc. The hosts started the war with the basic idea of the supremacy of the offensive, which moved along the desarrrollo of events. The use of the gun ended with the cavalry, their effectiveness in defending scuppered spikes and caused the birth of the section and platoon.
Trench warfare introduced the use of mortar, the chariot began armored warfare, artillery multiplied calibers, increased scope and improved methods of correction. In 1915 poison gas began to be used with the capture of the Belgian cities, home to biological and chemical warfare occurred, field fortification was perfected and favored the rise of trench warfare, motorized transport became widespread and aviation independent air battles waged war. The armies on both sides fought in trenches, some deep ditches were dug to serve as protection for the troops. The conditions were appalling; There were floods, mud, rats and corpses. The trenches of the front line were the target of heavy fire; men out of the trenches to advance and attack enemy troops. The plane was used as a weapon of war, the first fighting between pilots came with guns and carbines. In October 1914, the first confrontation a French aircraft attacked with machine gun fire from a German aircraft, marking the first aerial victory. The bomber was created after the war began.
In 1917, German bombers attacked London and other English cities, especially at night. The use of aircraft begins in late 1915, when Lieutenant Towler cruise off Vindex. World War I greatly stimulated the manufacture of aircraft, its use for military purposes and the development of air warfare; airships, balloons and airplanes were built. The latter are mainly used for two types of missions: observation and bombing. Exploring the fixed battle fronts was carried out by small balloons with strings; airships were used to carry out surveys at sea, and airplanes to fly over the coastal areas. With respect to ground military operations, airplanes were used to observe the disposition of troops and enemy defenses and bomb their lines or their forces when engaged in combat. Since the mid-1915's aerial combat or enemy squadrons became frequent. The Germans enjoyed air superiority on the Western Front from October 1915 to July 1916, the year in which the British showed their superiority. Among the most important aviators noteworthy American Eddie Rickenbacker, the Canadian William Avery Bishop and German Baron Manfred von Richthofen. As for naval warfare, early in the war, the bulk of the British fleet, the Grand Fleet, had twenty battleships and numerous cruisers and destroyers; was located at the base of Scapa Flow, Orkney islands located, while a second fleet protected the English Channel. German Offshore Fleet consisted of thirteen armored and had their bases in the German North Sea ports.
The most important naval battle of the war was the Battle of Jutland, fought on May 31 and June 1, 1916 between the British Grand Fleet and the German Offshore Fleet, after which Britain could retain its naval supremacy. However, the Germans managed to break the British blockade and resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917, convinced that this was the only method that could defeat Britain; this strategy led to the surrender of the British, but that motivated the United States declared war on Germany. The attacks of German to British convoys in the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea caused the destruction of many boats submarines. During 1917 the German submarine warfare failed to cause the surrender of Britain by destroying the allied fleet, which the British depended for obtaining food and supplies.
The German submarine campaign seemed effective in its infancy; towards the end of 1916, the Germans sank monthly about 300 tonnes of British and Allied ships in the North Atlantic Ocean; the figure rose to 875,000 tonnes in April, so the Germans were confident of victory shortly. However, Britain won, since the summer, undermine the effectiveness of the German strategy using various methods: it adopted a convoy system in which the merchant fleets guarded by destroyers and submarine chasers, used seaplanes to detect submarines, and spent loads depth to destroy them. By fall, the Germans began to lose many submarines, although still sinking a lot of Allied ships. In turn, the Allied nations, especially the United States, quickly built new vessels. The German attempt to end the war through submarine warfare had failed. There were many elements that characterized the First World War, but we can say that: · During World War I poison gas and flamethrowers emerged. (see photo above) · Great Britain used official war artists to record the race. · The soldiers had rifles that could hit a target at a distance of 800 meters. · France and the United States conducted in 1909 primers attempts in military aviation. · During the war between the Empire and Italy atomano held the first missions of military aviation in 1911.
PURPOSE AND CONSEQUENCES
On 11 November 1918 the greatest tragedy that humanity had lived until then concluded. Millions of dead, wounded, disabled ... Millions in economic losses. Resentment, pain, distress. It was to build a new world that would make the Great War, as proclaimed at the time, was "the war to end all wars".
You can specify that the main consequences of such disastrous war were:
· The death of over 12 million people, equivalent to almost half of the inhabitants of Venezuela, and several million injured, mostly young people, mainly from Russia, Germany, France and the UK.
· The material losses were enormous supposed to spent 186,000 million.
· In just the first three weeks of the war, the Germans lost 600,000 men.
· The territory of Turkey is reduced. The Austro-Hungarian Empire disappeared and resulted in four new states: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Yugoslavia.
· The First World War marked the end of the supremacy of the powers of Europe and strengthened the position of the United States and Japan.
· In most of Europe the media, transport, crops, buildings, etc. were destroyed.
· All losses caused a decline in industrial and agricultural production. Gold reserves and investments were reduced across Europe entered a severe economic crisis.
· By contrast, the contest generated an intense development of tools and techniques of warfare: repeating rifles, machine guns, poison gas giving rise to biological and chemical warfare, there were tanks, dirigibles and airplanes, shelling is also practiced at cities. The artillery multiplied calibers, increased range and improved methods of correction. Motorized transport became widespread.
· There was a strong involvement of civil society by engaging in military operations, just as involved as the Red Cross institutions where women played a great job.
· Despite the work done by the Red Cross, major epidemics of infectious diseases were unleashed.
· The action of German submarines caused the sinking of Allied ships causing heavy casualties; to abandon the principle that the evacuation of civilian ships before sinking allowed. In May, a German submarine torpedoed the Lusitania a British passenger steamer. It sank in less than 20 minutes off the southern coast of Ireland, and killed 1,198 civilians, including 128 Americans were. The incident almost anticipate the US involvement in world conflict that occurred in 1917.
· Despite efforts to bring about world peace with the Treaty of Versailles, the victorious powers allowed some of the terms which caused the resurgence of militarism and aggressive nationalism of Germany and social unrest is largely fail to comply part of Europe, exacerbated the economic crisis, there was a strong social unrest and was the resurgence of proceeds of serious disputes remain unresolved war movements.
